So:
Most cities have prohibitions on discharging a firearm within city limits. (self defense or licensed ranges are exceptions). This includes both public and private property.
Many counties prohibit shooting in specific areas that are considered high risk. (like somewhere that is populous). Most very rural areas do not prohibit it. Once again it can be prohibited on private or public land so just because you own a farm, doesn't mean you can shoot on it.
Federal law: You are prohibited from shooting on, across, or near a roadway (must be 200 yards away), near a campsite, and on or across water (unless you are waterfowl hunting with permit). You are also prohibited from endangering persons, property, or animals.
You cannot shoot in national parks.
Specific areas are managed by specific gov't agencies and may have additional rules.
Remember you must also follow hunting regulations, permits, and seasons if you are carrying a loaded firearm in specific places.
The best way to navigate these various rules and laws is to find some experienced shooters in your area and ask them. Also, go to the County Sheriff, Fish and Wildlife, Dept of Interior, Dept of Natural Resources, Forest Service, or whoever issues hunting permits and ask them. They will be able to point you to the correct info.
Always be considerate to people and property and pick up your trash.
